Stand Initiation Diversity Experiment - SIDE (US)

The SIDE was established at the Clements State Tree Nursery in West Columbia, West Virginia in May 2012 for three primary reasons: 1) West Virginia has one of the highest levels of tree biodiversity in the country and the Nursery has a wide selection of tree species available in sufficiently large quantities; 2) the experimental sites at the Nursery are flat, productive, homogeneous, and well maintained; and 3) the proximity to professional foresters from the Nursery and the seedling source greatly reduces costs in labor, maintenance, and transportation.

An aerial view of the SIDE experimental sites in West Virginia, on the east bank of the Ohio river. A, B, and C represent a monoculture, a low diversity, and a high diversity plot

Design

The soil and physiographic conditions are homogenous across the site. Hence, a simple completely randomized design (CRD) was used to test if both species richness and species evenness simultaneously influence ecosystem functioning, and if the spatial diversity affects the total productivity of a community. Four levels of species richness (3, 5, 7, 9) and two levels of evenness (even = 1:1, dominant = 3:1) were combined into eight treatments. Each treatment is replicated 21 times. There are 14 single-species control plots.

The plots are arranged in a 14 x 13 matrix, with 3 m spacing between any two neighbouring plots. On each plot, 77 seedlings were planted in a 7 x 11 arrangement. Plots and seedlings were randomized. The four levels of species richness consist of tree species randomly selected from a pool of 14 species that are representative of key genera to Central Appalachian forest. Each seedling was georeferenced.

Site characteristics

	SIDE (Lakins)
Country	USA
Biome	temperate
Latitude	38.96
Longitude	-82.09
Soil type	deep and well drained loamy soils from acid materials
Former land use	reserved as overflow seedbed unoccupied and unvegetated for the past decade
Altitude	184 m
Design	stem-wise randomisation
Plot shape	rectangular
Plot size (m^2)	60 m²
Plant distance (m)	1
Number of trees planted	15 000
Planting date	May 2012
Diversity variables	species richness evenness
Diversity gradient	0, 3, 5, 7, 9 sp. 2 evenness levels
Size species pool	14+
Species pool	Acer saccharinum Alnus glutinosa Carya ovata Castanea mollissima Cercis canadensis Cornus sericea Nyssa sylvatica Pinus strobus Pinus virginiana (replaced by Picea abies after 1 year) Prunus serotina Quercus alba Quercus prinus Quercus rubra Robinia pseudoacacia Acer nigrum Acer rubrum Acer saccharum Cornus florida Cornus racemosa Populus deltoides Quercus robur Ulmus americana
Contact person	Jingjing Liang
Email	albeca.liang@gmail.com

Research

We will study the effects of tree, arthropod, and soil microbial diversity on forest productivity and resilience during the stand initiation phase in an environment or substrate devoid of vegetation, with the following three objectives:

test and map the effects of species richness and evenness, as two distinct aspects of tree species diversity, on forest productivity
study if tree neighborhood structure and diversity of arthropod, and soil microbial organisms have significant influences on forest productivity and resilience
investigate the causal magnitude and direction of the biodiversity-productivity relationship in trees

Extra information

Send an e-mail to the contact person, visit the web page of the experiment, or explore the publications that utilized data from this experiment.

Research papers

Blondeel H, Guillemot J, Martin‐StPaul N, Druel A, Bilodeau‐Gauthier S, Bauhus J, … Baeten L 2024 Tree diversity reduces variability in sapling survival under drought. Journal of Ecology 112(5): 1164-1180 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14294
Depauw L, De Lombaerde E, Dhiedt E, Blondeel H, Abdala-Roberts L, Auge H, Barsoum N, Bauhus J, Chu C, Damtew A, Eisenhauer N, V. Fagundes M, Ganade G, Gendreau-Berthiaume B, Godbold D, Gravel D, Guillemot J, Hajek P, Hector A, Hérault B, Jactel H, Koricheva J, Kreft H, Liu X, Mereu S, Messier C, Muys B, Nock CA, Paquette A, Parker JD, Parker WC, Paterno, GB, Perring MP, Ponette Q, Potvin C, Reich PB, Rewald B, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schnabel F, Sousa-Silva R, Weih M, Clara Zemp D, Verheyen K, Baeten L 2024 Enhancing Tree Performance Through Species Mixing: Review of a Quarter-Century of TreeDivNet Experiments Reveals Research Gaps and Practical Insights. Current Forestry Reports - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00208-y
FAO 2023 Towards more resilient and diverse planted forests. Unasylva (254)74: 2031/1. Rome. https://doi. org/10.4060/cc8584en
Messier C, Bauhus J, Sousa-Silva R, Auge H, Baeten L, Barsoum N, Bruelheide H, Caldwell B, Cavender-Bares J, Dhiedt E, Eisenhauer N, Ganade G, Gravel D, Guillemot J, Hall JS, Hector A, Hérault B, Jactel H, Koricheva J, Kreft H, Mereu S, Muys B, Nock CA, Paquette A, Parker JD, Perring MP, Ponette Q, Potvin C, Reich PB, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schnabel F, Verheyen K, Weih M, Wollni M, Zemp DC 2021 For the sake of resilience and multifunctionality, let’s diversify planted forests! Conservation Letters e12829 - https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12829

Note

! Website of experiment does no longer exist

Check out the periodic photos from fixed points at the site or the SIDE movies showing the growth patterns of the SIDE trees.

Note

! Website of photos does no longer exist